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H (o-o)
Hydride H-		 He
Li
+		Be
2+
Beryl		 (o-o) Diatomic B
3+, 3-
Borax		C N (o-o)
Nitride
3-		O (o-o)
Oxide
2-		F (o-o)
Fluoride
1- 		Ne
Na
+		Mg
2+
Dolomite 		Al
3+
Bauxite		Si
4+
Quartz		P
Phosphide
3-		S
Sulfide
2-		Cl (o-o)
Chloride
1-		Ar
K
+
Potash		Ca
2+
Limestone		Sc
+++		Ti
4+		V
3+, 4+, 5+		Cr
2+, 3+		Mn
2+, 3+		Fe
2+, 3+
Bog ore		Co
2+, 3+		Ni
2+,3+		Cu
+, 2+
Malachite		Zn
++		Ga
3+		GeAs
3-, 3+, 5+		Se
Selenide
2-		Br (o-o)
Bromide
1-		Kr
Rb
+		Sr
2+		Y
+++		ZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAg
+		Cd
++		In
3+		Sn
2+, 4+
Cassiterite		SbTe
2-, 2+, 4+, 6+		I (o-o)
Iodide
1-		Xe
Cs
+		Ba
2+		 HfTaW ReOsIrPtAu
+, 3+		Hg
2+		TlPb
2+, 4+
Cerussite		Bi
3+		PoAtRn*
Fr*Ra* Rf*Db*Sg*Bh*Hs*Mt*Ds*Rg*Cn*Nh*Fl*Mc*Lv*Ts*Og*

Copper (Cu)

Copper atomCopper videos
Copper is found in nature as oxide and carbonate ores:

Found in nature
Prepared in Lab.
Notes
Cuprite is an oxide mineral composed of copper(I) oxide Cu2O, and is a minor ore of copper.

Macking Cu2O and CuO : Video
Tenorite is a copper oxide mineral CuO. The chemical name is Copper(II) oxide or cupric oxide. It is also called Black Copper.
Malachite is a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral, with the formula Cu2CO3(OH)2.

1. Reduction of Copper (II) Oxide (CuO):

Using C: 2CuO + C (charcoal) ---> 2Cu + CO2         Video
Using H: CuO + H2  ----------------> Cu + H2O         Video

The carbon in the charcoal acts as the reducing agent, removing oxygen from the copper oxide, leaving behind
pure copper metal and carbon dioxide as a byproduct.


2. Decomposition and Reduction of (CuCO3):

Decomposition: CuCO3 ---> CuO + CO2                         Video
Reduction: 2CuO + C (charcoal) ---> 2Cu + CO2         Video

This is a thermal decomposition, where the copper carbonate is heated and decomposes into copper oxide (CuO)
and carbon dioxide gas. In this reaction, copper remains in the +2 oxidation state as CuO.